Grigori Perelman proved the Poincaré Conjecture in a series of papers posted to arXiv in 2002-2003, by completing Richard Hamilton's Ricci flow program with a technique called 'surgery' to handle singularities. The mathematical community spent several years verifying the argument before it was widely accepted around 2006. Perelman was awarded the Clay Mathematics Institute's $1 million Millennium Prize in 2010 and the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he declined.
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Grigori Perelman proved the Poincaré Conjecture in a series of papers posted to arXiv in 2002-2003, by completing Richard Hamilton's Ricci flow program with a technique called 'surgery' to handle singularities. The mathematical community spent several years verifying the argument before it was widely accepted around 2006. Perelman was awarded the Clay Mathematics Institute's $1 million Millennium Prize in 2010 and the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he declined.
Every simply connected, closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.
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Permanent ID limitsregistry.com/limits/LR-POINCARE-CONJECTURE
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Limits Registry. LR-POINCARE-CONJECTURE. Proof of the Poincaré Conjecture. 2026.