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Limits RegistryThe June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines injected an estimated 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere — the largest such injection measured by satellite instruments since systematic monitoring began — where it formed a global sulfate aerosol layer that cooled average global surface temperatures by roughly 0.5°C for about a year afterward. It remains the best-studied example of how large eruptions can temporarily affect global climate.
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The June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines injected an estimated 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere — the largest such injection measured by satellite instruments since systematic monitoring began — where it formed a global sulfate aerosol layer that cooled average global surface temperatures by roughly 0.5°C for about a year afterward. It remains the best-studied example of how large eruptions can temporarily affect global climate.
The greatest mass of sulfur dioxide injected into the stratosphere by a single volcanic eruption, as directly measured by satellite instruments — a specific atmospheric-chemistry metric distinct from an eruption's overall explosivity (VEI).
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Limits Registry. LR-LARGEST-VOLCANIC-SO2-INJECTION. Largest volcanic sulfur dioxide injection measured by satellite. 2026.