Biology.

Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy, but real-world efficiency falls far short of the theoretical maximum due to biochemical and physical losses. This record cites the observed efficiency ceiling for C3 plants — the majority of crop species — under a specific modeled canopy scenario.

How few genes does a living cell need to independently grow and divide? The JCVI-syn3.0 synthetic bacterium demonstrates the smallest genome shown to support autonomous life in a laboratory setting — not a claim about the theoretical minimum for life itself.

Normal human cells don't divide forever — the Hayflick limit is the historical observation that established cellular senescence as a real biological phenomenon, not the discovery of a single universal number.